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The key parameters to describe antenna performance include gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, VSWR, and polarization. Gain The gain determines the efficiency of an antenna by how much energy it can focus in a particular direction compared to an isotropic radiator. The latter radiates energy evenly in all directions to maximize loss and inefficiency. Typically, gain […]

Consider frequency range, gain, polarization, and VSWR for optimal antenna performance, matching system requirements and minimizing signal loss. Frequency Range When selecting an antenna, users must take into account the frequency range, which determines the range of the antenna’s proper operation among distance and environment. Using the example of radio frequency, the frequency range is

The four feeding methods for microstrip patch antennas are microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupled, and proximity coupled feeds, each offering unique benefits for specific applications. Microstrip Line Feed Microstrip patch antennas are the cornerstone of many elements of modern active and passive wireless communication systems. They are used for connecting everything from smartphones to

When selecting an antenna, consider frequency band, gain, polarization, and size/form factor to match specific operational needs. Frequency Band The frequency band is the first aspect to consider when choosing an antenna, as it can determine the range of frequencies it is designed to receive or transmit. An antenna’s design is compatible with a specific

Satellite signals can be blocked by heavy rain reducing strength by 20 dB, buildings obstructing line-of-sight, solar alignment during equinoxes, equipment malfunctions like faulty transponders, and interference from nearby electronic devices. Atmospheric Conditions Have you ever noticed that whenever there was heavy rain or snow outside your house and a finale of your favorite TV

NOAA’s top satellite frequencies include 137.100 MHz, 137.620 MHz, 137.9125 MHz, 1698 MHz, 1707 MHz, and 1702.5 MHz for real-time weather imaging. 137.100 MHz 137.100 MHz is one of the main frequencies NOAA satellites use to send APT signals. This frequency is especially important for weather enthusiasts, meteorologists, and researchers who heavily rely on updated

Optimize the five core indicators of satellite signals: 1. Signal-to-noise ratio ≥ 12dB (military waveguide insertion loss < 0.15dB/m); 2. Bit error rate < 1E-9 (polarization coding + LDPC error correction); 3. Level calibration error ± 0.3dB (Keysight N9048B spectrum analyzer + λ/500 flatness); 4. Rain attenuation margin 7dB (Ku-band dynamic power compensation); 5. Polarization

Arcing in waveguides can be mitigated by using materials with higher breakdown strengths, maintaining cleanliness to prevent contamination, ensuring proper impedance matching, addressing mechanical deformations through precise installation and regular inspections, managing temperature with cooling systems, and controlling power levels to avoid excessive electric fields. High Power Transmission When a waveguide is used for transmission

The cutoff frequency is the lowest frequency that the transmission line supports electromagnetic wave propagation. The cutoff frequency of the main mode TE₁₀ of a rectangular waveguide (such as WR-90, with a wide side of 22.86mm) is 6.56GHz (formula: f_c=c/(2a)). The cutoff frequency of a coaxial cable is determined by its structure (e.g., about 34GHz

Waveguides operate above 1 GHz with lower losses, handling higher power than coaxial cables, which are effective up to 3 GHz. Structure and Mode of Operation Waveguides and two-wire transmission lines, such as coaxial cables, are fundamentally different in how they carry electromagnetic waves. Two-wire transmission lines typically include two conductors, which are often made