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Waveguide right angles, elbows and twists are used to change the direction of electromagnetic wave transmission. Common E-surface elbow curvature radius is ≥1.5 times the wavelength, H-surface elbow is ≥3 times, and the twist angle is usually 90°. The return loss needs to be controlled to <20dB during design. It is suitable for microwave radar […]

Directional couplers typically have 1–6 coupling holes, depending on type: microstrip designs use 1–3 (for 10–40GHz, <0.5dB loss), while waveguide models may have 4–6 (supporting 50–100W, VSWR<1.2). What’s a “Hole” Here? For context, a typical X-band (8–12GHz) microstrip directional coupler uses coupling holes with diameters ranging from 0.3mm to 0.8mm—​​a 167% variation​​—depending on whether you

A transmitting antenna converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, typically handling power levels from 10W to 50kW. A receiving antenna captures these waves and converts them back into electrical signals, usually operating at low power, like -50 dBm to -20 dBm. use Transmitting antennas are used in radio stations, TV signal towers and mobile communication

Standard rectangular waveguides, e.g., WR-90 (22.86×10.16mm), operate in TE10 mode (cutoff λ=2a) with <0.05dB/m loss at 10GHz, VSWR<1.1 in copper designs, ensuring efficient microwave transmission. ​​Shape and Standard Sizes​​ Unlike a simple pipe, a standard rectangular waveguide is not square; its ​​internal width (a)​​ is always precisely twice its ​​internal height (b)​​, creating a classic

The rectangular waveguide behaves as a high-pass filter due to its cutoff frequency characteristics. When the operating frequency is lower than the cutoff frequency (such as c/(2a) for the TE10 mode), electromagnetic waves cannot propagate. When it is higher than the cutoff frequency, it can be effectively transmitted. It is often used in microwave communication

The most common failure is moisture ingress, causing oxidation of the copper center conductor and increasing attenuation. This accounts for over 50% of failures. Prevent this by using waterproof connectors (e.g., IP67 rated) and sealing all outdoor connections with self-amalgamating tape to maintain a stable impedance. Bends and Kinks Data from installation and service reports

Maintaining a low SWR (ideally below 1.5:1) is critical because high reflected power, from a mismatch, can overheat and damage transmitter components. A 3:1 SWR reflects 25% of your power, drastically reducing radiated signal strength and efficiency. Use an antenna analyzer to check SWR before transmission. What is SWR? A low SWR, say ​​1.5:1 or

Satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) transmit over vast distances of approximately 36,000 km, resulting in a significant 270-millisecond signal delay. Lower orbit satellites (LEO) are closer at 500-1,200 km, reducing delay but requiring a constellation for coverage. Transmission power and frequency (e.g., Ka-band) are key determinants of the signal’s ultimate reach and data rate. ​​Factors

Optical fiber primarily uses infrared light, not visible light, due to lower signal attenuation. Common wavelengths are 1310nm and 1550nm, where silica glass fiber has minimal loss (as low as 0.2 dB/km). Lasers or LEDs generate the light, which carries data through total internal reflection within the fiber’s core. Light Type Overview The workhorse behind

A dummy load is a high-power resistor (typically 50 ohms) that safely dissipates transmitted RF energy as heat, preventing signal radiation. For example, a 100-watt load must dissipate this energy, often using a finned aluminum heat sink and sometimes forced air cooling, allowing safe transmitter testing without an antenna. What is a dummy load For