NEWS

Evanescent modes in waveguides are non-propagating modes that decay exponentially with distance. For instance, in a waveguide with a TE11\text{TE}_{11}TE11​ cutoff at 2 GHz, frequencies below this value (e.g., 1.5 GHz) generate evanescent modes. Mode Cutoff Frequencies for instance, a waveguide with a radius of 4 cm. The cutoff frequency for the TE11\text{TE}_{11}TE11​ mode, the

Evanescent modes in waveguides occur when the frequency is below the cut-off, causing exponential decay of fields. For instance, at 2 GHz in a 10 cm waveguide, field strength drops 95% within 8 mm. They’re used in sensors, where penetration depth is ~100 nm for detecting molecular interactions. Definition In a waveguide 10 cm wide

Radio waves (3 kHz–300 GHz) and microwaves (300 MHz–300 GHz) share an electromagnetic nature, traveling at 300,000 km/s. Both transmit data; FM radio uses 88–108 MHz for audio over 50–100 km, while Wi-Fi at 2.4 GHz delivers speeds up to 1.2 Gbps within 30 meters. Electromagnetic Nature Radio waves and microwaves are both parts of

Increased Data Transmission Capacity The Ka-band, operating between 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz, supports data rates of over 100 Mbps, allowing a single satellite to handle upwards of 1 Tbps of total capacity. This is a sharp contrast to C-band satellites (4–8 GHz), which typically provide a maximum throughput of 300–500 Mbps. Ka-band satellites can

Yagi antennas are directional, offering higher gain (up to 12 dB) and long-range communication, typically up to 50 kilometers at 2.4 GHz. In contrast, Omni antennas provide 360-degree coverage with lower gain (3-5 dB), ideal for short-range applications like Wi-Fi, covering up to 100 meters in open environments. Yagi antennas require precise alignment, while Omni

A coupler antenna splits or combines signals, matches impedance, filters frequencies, and measures signal power. For example, in a 1,000-watt system, it diverts 10 watts for monitoring, ensuring 95% efficiency. Costs range from $500 to $2,000. Signal Splitting Signal splitting using coupler antennas is a fundamental technology in modern communication systems, enabling multiple devices to