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A rectangular waveguide acts as a high pass filter due to its cutoff frequency, determined by its width. For a width of 2 cm, the cutoff frequency is approximately 7.5 GHz, allowing only signals above this frequency to propagate effectively. Cut-off frequency The width of a waveguide is 2 cm, according to the cutoff frequency […]

The most common cause of failure in coaxial cables is physical damage, such as bending beyond the recommended radius, leading to a 40% increase in conductor breakage and significant signal loss. Physical damage Physical damage to coaxial cables often occurs in the inner conductors and outer insulation of the cable, especially during incorrect use and

Low SWR on a coaxial cable minimizes power loss and equipment stress, ensuring more of the transmitted 100 watts reaches the antenna, enhancing signal strength and reliability. Power efficiency Suppose a radio transmitter with an output power of 100 watts is connected to the antenna via a coaxial cable. We compare system performance with SWR

Satellites can transmit over vast distances: LEO satellites cover about 1,500 km in diameter, MEO satellites up to 5,000 km, and GEO satellites can reach about 42% of the Earth’s surface. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites orbit between 160 and 2,000 kilometers above the Earth. They’re so close to the

Optical fibers primarily use LEDs for short ranges (850 nm) and laser diodes for long distances, operating at 1310 nm or 1550 nm to minimize loss and maximize efficiency. Leds are used for short distances Leds are like right-hand men in short-range fiber optic communications, handling lightweight tasks in the world of data. Let’s dig

When testing and calibrating electronic equipment, a dummy load is used that consumes electrical energy in a way similar to an actual or real expected load of the device under test. It is manufactured with internal resistors, capacitors, or inductors to change electrical energy into heat and other forms of energy. A dummy load is

There are various horn antennas including sectoral (15dB gain), conical (10-20dB gain), pyramidal (15-25dB gain), and exponential horns, each suitable for different frequency ranges and applications. Sectoral Horn antenna (Sectoral Horn) The gain of the fan-shaped horn antenna is usually between 12dB and 20dB, and the signal gain can be increased to 18dB by using

Antenna boosters focus signal direction, increasing strength by up to 100x (20dB), while amplifiers boost power directly, enhancing signal strength by up to 1000x (70dB). Antenna Booster Antenna gainers enhance signal strength by optimizing the reception performance of the antenna, which uses high-gain antennas or reflectors to focus the signal in a specific direction, thereby

The waveguide horn antenna is a widely used important antenna type in microwave and millimeter-wave communications. It combines the advantages of waveguides and horn antennas, transmitting microwave signals through the waveguide and utilizing the horn mouth to achieve signal radiation and reception. The waveguide horn antenna has excellent directionality, high gain, and wide bandwidth characteristics

The impedance of a rectangular waveguide wave varies by mode. For the common TE10 mode at 10 GHz, if the waveguide’s wide side is 2.286 cm, the characteristic impedance is approximately 377 ohms, calculated using the formula 𝑍=𝜂1−(𝜆2𝑎)2Z= 1−( 2aλ​ ) 2 ​ η​ where 𝜂η is about 377 ohms. TE mode In the most